The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish principalities. The Seljuk Turks began migrating to Anatolia in the 11th century, which started the Turkification process. įollowing the conquests of Alexander the Great which started the Hellenistic period, most of the ancient regions were culturally Hellenized, and this continued during the Byzantine era. One of the world's earliest permanently settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to important Neolithic sites like Göbekli Tepe, and was inhabited by ancient civilizations including the Hattians, Hittites, Anatolian peoples, Mycenaean Greeks, Persians and others. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city Istanbul is its largest city and main financial centre. Most of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks, while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. It borders the Black Sea to the north Georgia to the northeast Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east Iraq to the southeast Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south the Aegean Sea to the west and Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest. Turkey ( Turkish: Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ( listen)), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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